过去分词
过去分词规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
过去分词则属于类动词：
1、及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了。
The cup is broken. 形容词 break the cup
The cup was broken by Linda.被动语态
2、不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成。
He is retired. 他已退休. He retired.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
过去分词作表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
（一般现在时：平平常常的事。没有被动含义）
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.被动
(2) The library is now closed.形容词
过去分词表示被动, V-ing 形式表示主动.如
（形容物，ing；形容人，过去分词：）
interest, interesting, interested
bore, boring, bored
His speech was very boring. I felt bored.
worry, Parents are always worried about their kids.
surprise, She was surprised.
frighten I was frightened.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.
The game was exciting.
The audience were excited.
过去分词作定语
作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1、过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
2、过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.
The concert (which was) given by their friends was a success.
The boy (who was) hurt by the bike was taken to the hospital.
The chopped tree is 50 years old.
The tree chopped yesterday is 50 years old.
The tree (which was) chopped yesterday is 50 years old.
3、过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
The book, kept in the first drawer on the left, belongs to me.
汉译英：
1、过去分词作形容词
由于洪水，街道两旁的商店都关门了。
Because of flood, the shops on both sides of the street were closed.
2、单个过分作定语，前置
请把那张签了名的照片递给我。
Please pass me the signed photo.
3、过分多于一个词，后置
那个在5年前的一次地震中毁掉的小镇现在已经重建好了。
The small town destroyed in an earthquake 5 years ago has now been rebuilt.
4、非限定性定语，逗号隔开
那个被警察抓住的人是个贼。
The man, arrested by the police, is a thief.
5、与ing比较
那场战斗多么令人恐惧啊！
What a frightening fight it was!
How frightening the fight was!
