不规则动词
英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加-ed构成,如果有e,只加d,而不规则动词的变化因词而异。
现在时 I work for BOC. (Bank of China)
过去时 I worked late yesterday.
-ed:
1、e结尾,加d agreed practiced
思考题:
1)我不同意。I don’t agree.
2)三天前,他同意。今天他又不同意。
Three days ago, he agreed.
Today, he didn’t (doesn’t)agree.
2、”辅音+y”,y----i, study---studied
1)我努力学习英语。I study English hard.
2)去年,我在11中学习过。
Last year, I studied in No.11 Middle School.
3、”元音+y”,直接加ed, played
1) 我常常打篮球。I often play basketball.
2) 昨天,我和我妹妹打网球。
I played tennis with my sister yesterday.
4、闭音节,双写最后辅音,stopped
1)我总是停下来去喝水。
I always stop to drink water.
2)几分钟前,那辆车就停在我面前。
汉译英:
1、昨天是7月7日。
2、1979年,David从加拿大来到中国。
3、我曾经告诉过你我的名字。你为什么忘了呢?
4、我去年保存了这瓶酒。咱们现在把它喝了吧。
5、三天前,我在一家图书馆见过他。
Minutes ago, the car stopped in front of me.
定义:
英语单词中由动词原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词(Irregular Verbs)。
现代英语新生成的动词都归入“-ed”的规则变化,例如:
park→parked
fax→faxed
e-mail→e-mailed
因此,不规则动词可以说都是古英语动词的不规则变化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我们今天在学习英语时绝对无法,也不可能规避这些不规则动词。
I am a teacher now.
20 years ago, I was a student.
I go to school 5 days a week.
They went Beijing last night.
The shirt costs 100 Yuan.
The shoes cost me 600 Yuan.
从英语的演变来看,不规则动词就是强势动词(Strong Verbs)--即其词形变化全依其本身之语音(尤其是元音)变化来进行而不借助词尾的变化。例如:
原形: buy sing speak
过去式: bought sang spoke
过去分词: bought sung spoken
我们学习不规则动词的时候,最有效的方法就是要针对这种词形变化的现象,了解其变化的型式,发出声音背念,使其能自然地隔入我们的speaking和writing,这样才能说确实地把不规则动词学会了。
注:与强势动词相对,须借助“-ed”之词尾来进行词形变化的规则动词就叫做弱势动词(Weak Verbs)。
不规则动词表
现在式、过去式和过去分词同形,保持不变,除进行式外
词例:
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
cost |
cost |
cost |
花费 |
cut |
cut |
cut |
割,切 |
hit |
hit |
hit |
打 |
put |
put |
put |
放下 |
read # |
read |
read |
读 |
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
受伤 |
let |
let |
let |
让 |
# “Read” 的“过去式”和“过去分词”的读音和动词原型的不同。
1、他把钥匙放在出租车里。他忘了。
He put his key in the taxi. He forgot it.
2、昨晚,我看了一本有趣的书。
Last night, I read an interesting book.
3、他割了他的手指。He cut his finger.
4、上周,他打足球并伤了他的左腿。
Last week, he played football and hurt his left leg.
现在式和过去式同形
词例:
动词原型 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
beat |
beat |
beaten |
打 |
现在式和过去分词同形
词例:
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
come |
came |
come |
来到 |
become |
became |
become |
变 |
run |
ran |
run |
跑 |
overcome |
overcame |
overcome |
征服,打败 |
Doctor Bethune came to China in 1935.
2) 他的宠物狗向她跑过去并且跳进她的怀里。
His pet dog ran to her and jumped in(into) her arms.
A-B-B型
过去式与过去分词同形
分为以下情形:
① 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t。
词例:
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
burn |
burnt |
burnt |
燃烧 |
learn |
learned / learnt |
learned / learnt |
学习 |
mean |
meant |
meant |
含义 |
hear |
heard |
heard |
听见 |
② 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”。
词例:
1) 上个月,我学驾驶。Last month, I learnt to drive.
2) 久闻大名。(我曾听见很多关于你)
I heard many things about you.
Heard a lot about you.
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
build |
built |
built |
建筑 |
lend |
lent |
lent |
借 |
send |
sent |
sent |
传送 |
spend |
spent |
spent |
花费 |
③ 其他不规则的各种变化。
词例:
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
pay |
paid |
paid |
付钱 |
lay |
laid |
laid |
下蛋 |
say |
said |
said |
说 |
bring |
brought |
brought |
带来 |
buy |
bought |
bought |
买 |
fight |
fought |
fought |
战斗 |
think |
thought |
thought |
思考 |
sleep |
slept |
slept |
睡觉 |
feel |
felt |
felt |
感觉 |
keep |
kept |
kept |
保持 |
sweep |
swept |
swept |
扫 |
stand |
stood |
stood |
站 |
understand |
understood |
understood |
理解 |
win |
won |
won |
胜利 |
catch |
caught |
caught |
抓住 |
teach |
taught |
taught |
教 |
find |
found |
found |
发现 |
get |
got |
got |
得到 |
hold |
held |
held |
握 |
leave |
left |
left |
离开 |
make |
made |
made |
制造 |
meet |
met |
met |
遇见 |
shoot |
shot |
shot |
射击 |
dig |
dug |
dug |
挖 |
smell |
smelt / smelled |
smelt / smelled |
嗅,闻 |
shine |
shone / shined |
shone / shined |
发光 |
sit |
sat |
sat |
坐下 |
have |
had |
had |
有 |
三词不同形
分为以下情形:
① 在动词原形后加-n或-en 构成过去分词 。
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
eat |
ate |
eaten |
吃 |
fall |
fell |
fallen |
落下 |
give |
gave |
given |
给 |
take |
took |
taken |
拿,记录,拍摄 |
see |
saw |
seen |
看见 |
write |
wrote |
written |
写 |
ride |
rode |
ridden |
骑 |
drive |
drove |
driven |
驾驶 |
throw |
threw |
thrown |
抛,扔 |
blow |
blew |
blown |
吹 |
grow |
grew |
grown |
生长 |
know |
knew |
known |
知道 |
show |
showed |
shown |
展示 |
draw |
drew |
drawn |
拉,绘画,抽签 |
② 过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
说话 |
break |
broke |
broken |
破碎 |
choose |
chose |
chosen |
选择 |
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
忘记 |
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
凝固 |
③ 把单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”变成“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)。
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
begin |
began |
begun |
开始 |
ring |
rang |
rung |
按铃 |
sing |
sang |
sung |
唱 |
sink |
sank |
sunk |
沉 |
swim |
swam |
swum |
游泳 |
drink |
drank |
drunk |
喝 |
④ 其他不规则动词的变化。
动词原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
意思 |
be (am, is) |
was |
been |
是 |
be (are) |
were |
been |
是 |
do |
did |
done |
做 |
go |
went |
gone |
去 |
lie |
lay |
lain |
躺 |
wear |
wore |
worn |
穿 |